Victoza (liraglutide) is a GLP-1 receptor agonist that mimics the action of the natural hormone GLP-1. It is indicated for:

• Improving blood sugar control in adults and children aged 10 years and older with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

• Reducing the risk of major cardiovascular events (such as heart attack, stroke, or death) in adults with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease.

Victoza is administered as a subcutaneous injection once daily, using a prefilled pen. It can be used alone or in combination with other antidiabetic medications. The exact mechanism by which liraglutide improves blood sugar control is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve:

• Stimulating insulin release from the pancreas in a glucose-dependent manner.

• Inhibiting glucagon secretion, which reduces glucose production by the liver.

• Slowing gastric emptying, leading to reduced postprandial blood glucose levels.

In clinical studies, Victoza has been shown to effectively lower HbA1c levels and reduce body weight. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. Serious side effects may include pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, and kidney problems. It is contraindicated in individuals with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2.